Cytokinins Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate various physiological processes in plants, including cell division, differentiation, and growth. They have a number of practical applications in agriculture, forestry, and horticulture. This group of hormones includes kinetin, benzyl amino purine, zeatin, … Read more
Gibberellins are named after the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi, which they have been identified for the first time (1926). From the chemical point of view, they are tetracycle diterpenoids. The symbol used for gibberellin notation is GA, equipped with a numeric … Read more
Natural auxins (indole-3-acetic acid = IAA) were detected in different organs of actively growing plants—buds, young leaves, roots and stem apices, cotyledons, etc. and are the only phytohormones that have analogues in the animal world. Biosynthesis The auxin precursor in … Read more
Carotenoids Yellow and orange pigments that are found in chloroplasts and chromoplasts that participate in light absorption as supplementary pigments and protect the molecules of chlorophyll and other active substances from irreversible photo-destruction. One can distinguish oxygen-free carotenoids (C40H56-lycopeneα-β-γ-carotenoids) and … Read more
Crassulacean acid metabolism, or CAM, is a photosynthetic process that allows plants to conserve water and survive in arid or semi-arid environments. Plants from the Crassulaceae, Liliaceae, Cactaceae families, and some of the Compositae, Osteraceae species, etc. have adapted to … Read more
Light reactions and dark reactions are two stages of photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose. Photosynthesis is a complex process that is essential for the survival of plants and … Read more
